牧民对休牧、禁牧政策的响应分析——以玛曲县为例

Analysis of herdsmen's response to rest-grazing and grazing-ban policies ——A case study of Maqu County

摘要:

【目的】研究牧民对休牧、禁牧政策的响应有助于充分认识当前牧民生计诉求与实现困境， 以期为引导牧户亲环境行为和完善相关政策提供决策参考。【方法】以玛曲县草原牧区为研究区域，采用问卷调查方法，从主观认知、生产行为、生计方式等 3 个方面分析了牧民对休牧、禁牧政策的响应。 【结果】牧民在脆弱草原生态问题认识上达成共识，自觉响应休牧禁牧政策。生产方式从传统的放牧养殖向产业组织模式创新的现代舍饲养殖转型。牧民就业途径不断拓宽，极大地加速了牧民“农转非” 进程，其社会角色随之由单一的“牧羊人”向市场价值的发现者、创造者以及分配者多元化转变。牧民收入形成了以畜牧业经营收入为基础、工资性收入为重点，转移性收入为补充的多元格局，同时传统生产经营支出趋于下降，而以社会交往为代表的支出不断增加。另外，牧民政策响应过程中具有明显的 “跟随性”和违规或不合理放牧行为，随着政策的不断推进，不合理放牧行为逐步收敛。【结论】 培育牧民基于内应力的生态理性，完善草原保护制度的运行监督机制对牧区绿色发展具有重要的意义。未来，应将增强牧民生计资本、提升牧民生计能力与完善禁牧、休牧种草奖励机制、加大退牧补贴力度更好的结合起来，在提升牧民收入的同时提高草原保护能效、恢复草场生态环境。

Abstract:

【Objective】 Studying the evaluation and response of herdsmen to the policy of rest grazing and ban- ning grazing is helpful to fully understand the current livelihood demands and realization dilemma of herdsmen，so as to provide decision-making reference for guiding herdsmen’s pro-environmental behavior and improving relevant poli- cies.【Method】 The conscious participation and strong supervision of herdsmen based on internal stress is the basis of grassland ecological protection. Taking the grassland pastoral area of Maqu County，the first bend of the Yellow River as the research area，this paper analyzed the herdsmen’s response to the grazing rest and Grazing-ban Policy from three aspects：subjective cognition，production behavior and livelihood mode.【Result】 The results showed that，herds- men reached a consensus on the ecological problems of fragile grassland and consciously responded to the policy of grazing rest and Grazing-ban. The production mode of herdsmen was transformed from traditional grazing to modern house feeding. The continuous expansion of employment channels for herdsmen had greatly accelerated the process of herdsmen’s “transformation from agriculture to non-agriculture”，and their social role had changed from a single “shepherd” to diversified roles of discoverer，creator and distributor of market value. Herdsmen’s income had formed a diversified pattern composed of animal husbandry operation income，wage income and transfer income. At the same time，the traditional production and operation expenditure tended to decline，while the social communication expendi- ture continued to increase. In addition，herdsmen’s policy response process had obvious “following” and illegal or un- reasonable grazing behavior. With the continuous promotion of the policy，herdsmen’s alienation behavior gradually converges.【Conclusion】 Cultivating herdsmen’s ecological rationality based on internal stress and improving the op- eration and supervision mechanism of grassland protection system are of great significance to the green development of pastoral areas. In the future，the enhancement of livelihood capital and livelihood capacity of herdsmen should be combined with the improvement of incentive mechanism for grazing prohibition，grazing and grass planting and the in- crease of grazing subsidies，so as to improve the energy efficiency of grassland protection and restore the ecological en- vironment of grassland while increasing the income of herdsmen.