“微生物-肠-脑”轴减轻舍饲期间动物应激的研究进展

Research advances of "microbial-gut-brain" axis to alleviate animal stress during captive breeding

摘要:

青藏高原地区环境恶劣且生态脆弱，需要通过舍饲动物的方式来提高生产效率并保护生态环境，而舍饲引起的压力又会使动物应激，干扰动物的生长和繁殖。肠道微生物组调节的“微生物-肠-脑”轴可以缓解动物的应激反应。综述了动物在舍饲环境下可能导致的应激行为和应激生理变化，以及肠道微生物组通过“微生物-肠-脑”轴降低应激反应的相关内容。具体包括：（1）舍饲会导致动物产生斗争、恐惧和焦虑等应激行为以及心率和应激激素升高等负面影响；（2）肠道微生物和益生元调节肠道菌群的丰度和多样性可以降低动物的应激反应；（3）肠道微生物调节的“微生物-肠-脑”轴通过代谢产物调节神经信号的传递，这个过程有利于应激激素和应激性行为反应的减少。此外，肠道微生物群还可以产生免疫因子调节宿主免疫功能，在舍饲过程中提高动物健康水平。基于此，未来研究重点应该集中在肠道微生物的代谢产物及其调控宿主的分子机制，以提供改善青藏高原地区舍饲动物应激和健康问题的理论基础。

Abstract:

The Qinghai‐ Tibet Plateau region is renowned for its harsh and delicate ecosystem，requiring a balancebetweenenhanced production efficiency and ecological preservation throughcaptive animal breeding. However，captivity can induce stress in animals，impacting their growth and reproductive capacities. This study aimed to investigatethe potential of the "microbiota‐gut‐brain" axis，modulated by the gut microbiome，to mitigate stress responses inanimals. This researchexamined stress ‐ related behaviors and physiological alterations that captive animals may undergo，along with strategies for mitigating stress responses via the gut microbiome ‐regulated "microbiota ‐gut‐brain"axis. Specifically，（1） Captivity can induce stress behaviors，including struggling，fear，and anxiety，along with adverse effects on heart rate and stress hormone levels.（2） The regulation of gut microbiota abundance and diversity throughprebiotics can alleviate animal stress responses.（3） The "microbiota‐gut‐brain" axis，modulated by the gut microbiota，controls the transmission of neural signals via metabolites，resulting in reduced stress hormone levels and stress ‐relatedbehaviors. Furthermore，the gut microbiota can generate immune factors that regulate the host's immune function，enhancing animal health in captive breeding conditions. Consequently，future research should prioritize the investigationof gut microbiota metabolites and their molecular mechanisms in host regulation，providinga theoretical foundationfor enhancing animal well‐being and resilience on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau through improved gut function incaptive breeding.